Therefore it is necessary to be able to detect the addition of orange to, for example, grapefruit juice (Rouseff, 1988). The market price of orange juice ﬂuctuates, and when it is low in relation to other juices, orange juice can be also used as an adulterant. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US also permits the addition of mandarin and/or tangerine juice up to 10%, and up to 5% juice from the sour orange (Citrus aurantium) to frozen concentrated orange juice (Ooghe, 1999). sinensis and may contain up to 10% of mandarin juice (Citrus reticulata) (Codex Alimentarius, 1992). The Codex Alimentarius gives a deﬁnition of orange juice and concentrated orange juice which is obtained from C. According to European legislation, orange juice consists of the pure juice of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) while pineapple juice is considered as pure juice obtained from Ananas comosus (European Commission, 2009). However, the high nutritional value of fruit juices is usually lowered with adulteration and some substituted ingredients can cause allergic reactions in consumers, or may be toxic. Food fraud has often been considered to be mainly an economic issue and less a concern of the traditional food safety or food protection intervention and response infrastructure (Moore et al., 2012). In recent years, estimates of the magnitude of the fraud associated with the individual cases prosecuted range from about $2 million to ⇑ Corresponding author. Estimated rates of adulteration for orange juice can range from as low as 1% for juice sold in the retail market to as high as 20% for juice sold to institutions, such as schools ( PORTS-RCED-96-18/pdf/GAOREPORTS-RCED-96-18.pdf). These procedures are applied alone, or in combination in order to make the detection of adulteration more difﬁcult. The most common fruit juice adulteration practices are dilution with water and addition of sugars, pulp wash, or other fruit juices (Ashurst, 2005 Muntean, 2010 Simpkins & Harrison, 1995). Fruit juices, fruit juice drinks, and fruit nectars are consumed worldwide, and have become very popular due to their many reported health beneﬁts (essential vitamin and mineral content, aid in the prevention of cancer, aid digestion, antiinﬂammatory properties, increase bone strength, etc.).

Fruit juices (orange and apple juice) where in the top 7 foods reported from 1980 to 2010 as the most common targets for adulteration (Moore, Spink, & Lipp, 2012). One highly prized food commodity popular as a target for adulteration and fraud is fruit juice. Introduction Adulteration of food and beverages is a growing problem in today’s global market. The results demonstrate that metabolomics has potential as a screening tool for the rapid detection of food adulteration. A targeted metabolomics method was then optimised and adulteration could be detected at 1%. Twenty-one differential metabolites were selected, contributing to the separation between pineapple, orange and grapefruit juices, and their admixtures down to 1% adulteration level.

Untargeted metabolite ﬁngerprinting was performed by UPLC–QToF MS with multivariate data analysis. Pineapple, orange, grapefruit, apple, clementine, and pomelo were investigated. A study was undertaken to discover novel, potential biomarkers for the rapid detection of the adulteration of fruit juices with cheaper alternatives. A metabolomics approach can be applied to discover biomarkers that can be used to trace food adulteration. Cannavan a a Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratories, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria b Waters Corporation, Atlas Park, Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP, United KingdomĪrticle history: Received 1 April 2013 Received in revised form 13 September 2013 Accepted 1 October 2013 Available online 11 October 2013 Keywords: Fruit juices Adulteration Metabolomics FingerprintingĪ b s t r a c t In recent years, with the growing complexity of global food supply chains and trade, food fraud, including adulteration of high value foods with cheaper substitutes, has become an increasingly important issue. Contents lists available at ScienceDirectįood Chemistry journal homepage: Analytical MethodsĪssessment of fruit juice authenticity using UPLC–QToF MS: A metabolomics approach Z.

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